(Acinetobacter spp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia)
A. IDENTIFICATION:
-
Acinetobacter spp. are gram negative coccobacilli that are non-motile and oxidase negative. They oxidize sugars, but do not ferment, and do not reduce nitrate. Identification to species level is unnecessary for clinical isolates. Nosocomial strains may be multi-drug resistant. Carbapenem resistant strains can occur.
-
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia are motile, late oxidase positive gram negative rods. They oxidize, but do not ferment sugars. They are DNAse positive, inherently resistant to carbapenems, which may aid in presumptive identification.
-
Burkholderia cepacia are motile, oxidase variable gram negative rods. They oxidize, but do not ferment sugars. Isolates are characteristically resistant to polymyxins.
B. SENSITIVITY TESTING AND REPORTING
MIC testing is preferable to disk diffusion testing for nonfermenters. However, disk diffusion is more convenient for most clinical laboratories.
QC strains must be tested daily to ensure the validity of test results. The following QC strains must be tested:
with disk diffusion and MIC results within the ranges proposed by the CLSI.
1.Acinetobacter spp.
-
Ceftazidime and Imipenem should always be tested and reported.
-
Other agents may be reported as alternative therapeutic options e.g. Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines,trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, aminoglycosides, etc
-
Polymyxins may be tested by measuring MICs (by broth microdilution or agar dilution) for multi-drug resistant isolates.
Preference |
Agent
( +disk content where applicable) |
Breakpoints
Disk diffusion Zone diameteres |
Interpretive standards
MIC (µg/ml) |
S |
I |
R |
S |
I |
R |
1st line |
CEFTAZIDIME (30 µg) |
< 14 |
15-17 |
> 18 |
< 8 |
16 |
> 32 |
1st line |
IMIPENEM (10 µg) |
< 13 |
14-15 |
> 16 |
< 4 |
8 |
> 16 |
2nd line |
PENICILLINS*:
-Piperacillin (100 µg) |
< 17 |
18-20 |
> 21 |
< 16 |
32-64 |
> 128 |
2nd line |
CEPHALOSPORINS*:
-Cefotaxime (30 µg)
-Ceftriaxone (30 µg)
-Cefepime (30 µg) |
< 14
< 13
< 14 |
15-22
14-20
15-17 |
> 23
> 21
> 18 |
< 8
< 8
< 8 |
16-32
16-32
16 |
> 64
> 64
> 32 |
2nd line |
Trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (1.25/23.75) |
< 10 |
11-15 |
> 16 |
< 2/38 |
- |
> 4/76 |
2nd line |
TETRACYLINES**:
-Tetracycline (30 µg)
-Doxycycline (30 µg)
-Minocycline (30 µg) |
< 11
< 9
< 12 |
12-14
10-12
13-15 |
> 15
> 13
> 16 |
< 4
< 4
< 4 |
8
8
8 |
> 16
> 16
> 16 |
2nd line |
AMINOGLYCOSIDES*:
-Gentamicin (10 µg)
-Amikacin (30 µg)
-Tobramycin (10 µg) |
< 12
< 14
< 12 |
13-14
15-16
13-14 |
> 15
> 17
> 15 |
< 4
< 16
< 4 |
8
32
8 |
> 16
> 64
> 16 |
2nd line |
FLUOROQUINOLONES:*
-Ciprofloxacin (5 µg)
-Levofloxacin (5 µg) |
< 15
< 13 |
16-20
14-16 |
> 21
> 17 |
< 1
< 2 |
2
4 |
> 4
> 8 |
2nd line |
β-LACTAM/ β-LACTAMASE INHIBITOR COMBINATIONS*:
-Ampicillin/sulbactam (10/10 µg)
-Piperacillin/tazobactam (100/10 µg)
-Ticarcillin/ clavulanate (75/10 µg) |
< 11
< 17
< 14 |
12-14
18-20
15-19 |
> 15
> 21
> 20 |
< 8/4
< 16/4
< 16/2 |
16/8
32/4-64/4
32/2-64/2 |
> 32/16
> 128/4
> 128/2 |
3rd line |
Polymyxin-B/ Colistin |
|
|
|
< 2 |
- |
> 4 |
-
Alternative antimicrobials in each group are not cross-reportable.
-
Isolates sensitive to tetracycline are usually sensitive to doxycycline and minocycline; however, some tetracycline resistant isolates may be sensitive to either doxycycline and/or minocycline.
2. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
-
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the therapeutic agent of choice and must always be reported.
-
Carbapenems should not be tested/ reported.
-
Other agents may be reported as alternatives e.g., fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines.
-
Cephems (cephalosporins including ceftazidime), chloramphenicol, and ticarcillin/clavulanate may be reported based on MIC results.
Preference |
Agent
( +disk content where applicable) |
Breakpoints
Disk diffusion Zone diameteres |
Interpretive standards
MIC (µg/ml) |
S |
I |
R |
S |
I |
R |
1st line |
TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
(1.25/23.75 µg) |
< 10 |
11-15 |
> 16 |
< 2/38 |
- |
> 4/76 |
2nd line |
Levofloxacin |
< 13 |
14-16 |
> 17 |
< 2 |
4 |
> 8 |
2nd line |
Minocycline (30 µg)* |
< 14 |
15-18 |
> 19 |
< 4 |
8 |
> 16 |
2nd line |
Ticarcillin/clavulanate |
|
|
|
< 16/2 |
32/2-64/2 |
> 128/2 |
2nd line |
CEPHEMS/ Ceftazidime
(30 µg) |
|
|
|
< 8 |
16 |
> 32 |
2nd line |
Chloramphenicol |
|
|
|
< 8 |
16 |
> 32 |
* Minocycline is the preferable than tetracycline to test against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia strains.
3. Burkholderia cepacia
-
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the therapeutic agent of choice and must always be reported.
-
Polymyxins should not be tested/ reported.
-
Other agents may be reported as alternatives e.g. cephems, carbapenems, tetracyclines.
-
Fluoroquinolones, chloramphenicol, and ticarcillin/clavulanate may be reported based on MIC results.
Preference |
Agent
( +disk content where applicable) |
Breakpoints
Disk diffusion Zone diameters |
Interpretive standards
MIC (µg/ml) |
S |
I |
R |
S |
I |
R |
1st line |
TRIMETHOPRIM-SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
(1.25/23.75 µg) |
< 10 |
11-15 |
> 16 |
< 2/38 |
- |
> 4/76 |
2nd line |
CEPHEMS/ Ceftazidime
(30 µg) |
< 17 |
18-20 |
> 21 |
< 8 |
16 |
> 32 |
2nd line |
Meropenem (10 µg) |
< 15 |
16-19 |
> 20 |
< 4 |
8 |
> 16 |
2nd line |
Minocycline (30 µg)* |
< 14 |
15-18 |
> 19 |
< 4 |
8 |
> 16 |
2nd line |
Ticarcillin/clavulanate |
|
|
|
< 16/2 |
32/2-64/2 |
> 128/2 |
2nd line |
Levofloxacin |
|
|
|
< 2 |
4 |
> 8 |
2nd line |
Chloramphenicol |
|
|
|
< 8 |
16 |
> 32 |
